Measles: Why are cases rising and what are the symptoms?
The UK Health Security Agency has cautioned that the rapid spread of measles is likely unless a greater number of individuals receive vaccination. In response, the establishment of pop-up clinics has been initiated to increase the vaccination rate among children. A nationwide 'call to action' has been issued to address the measles threat.
Measles, a highly contagious disease transmitted through coughs and sneezes, typically resolves within seven to 10 days. However, if the infection spreads to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or brain, it can result in severe complications. These complications may include pneumonia, meningitis, blindness, and seizures.
Individuals at higher risk include babies, young children, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems. The urgent need for vaccination is emphasized to mitigate the potential widespread impact of measles.
The surge in measles cases and the occurrence of outbreaks can be attributed to a lower-than-targeted vaccination rate among young primary school children for the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is highly effective. The World Health Organization's recommended targets for MMR vaccination are not being met.
In the 2022-23 period, only 85% of young children had received two doses of the MMR vaccine by the age of five, falling below the 95% target. This marks the lowest vaccination level since 2010-11, increasing the frequency of measles outbreaks.
Notably, the West Midlands, particularly Birmingham, has experienced a significant rise in cases, exceeding 200 in recent months. London has also witnessed smaller outbreaks, with 74% of five-year-olds having received two MMR doses. Some specific areas, like Hackney, show a concerning trend, with nearly half of the children not fully vaccinated.
These vaccination gaps have led to small clusters of measles cases in various parts of the country. The UK Health Security Agency reported a substantial increase in suspected measles cases in 2023, reaching 1,603, compared to 735 cases in 2022 and 360 in 2021. The need to address the suboptimal vaccination rates is evident in the escalating number of measles cases across England and Wales.
Measles symptoms encompass:
- Irritated, red, and watery eyes
- General feelings of being unwell
Additionally, small white spots may manifest inside the mouth. A distinctive blotchy red or brown rash typically emerges a few days after the initial symptoms, commonly starting on the face and behind the ears before extending to the entire body. It's important to note that the rash may be less conspicuous on individuals with brown or black skin.
How Measles Spreads:
Measles is transmitted through tiny droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Infection occurs by breathing in these droplets or by touching them and subsequently placing your hand near your nose or mouth. Individuals with measles remain infectious for at least four days after the appearance of the characteristic rash.
Vaccine Availability and Recommendations:
To receive the measles vaccine, individuals are advised to consult their GP surgery for scheduling vaccinations for children or addressing any missed vaccinations for adults. Pop-up clinics are also being established in some schools. The standard MMR vaccine is administered at 12 months and again at around three years and four months, before a child starts school, significantly reducing the risk of infection and transmission.
For those who abstain from pork products, an alternative vaccine called Priorix can be requested from their GP. In cases where the MMR vaccine is not suitable, human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG) can be administered to individuals at immediate risk of contracting measles.
Side Effects of the MMR Vaccine:
Most side effects of the MMR vaccine are mild and temporary. The injection site may exhibit redness, soreness, and swelling for a few days. Babies and young children may experience a temporary high temperature for up to 72 hours. Importantly, there is no evidence linking the MMR vaccine to autism, debunking the erroneous claim made by researcher Andrew Wakefield in 1998. Wakefield's work was discredited, and he was struck off by the General Medical Council in 2010.
What to Do If You Contract Measles:
The NHS recommends the following actions if you or your child contract measles:
- Take paracetamol or ibuprofen to alleviate fever, aches, and pains (aspirin should not be given to children under 16).
- Rest and consume plenty of fluids.
- Wash hands regularly with soap and clean eyes with damp cotton wool.
- Dispose of used tissues and cotton wool in the bin.
Seek immediate medical attention by going to A&E or calling 999 if you or your child experience:
- Shortness of breath.
- High temperature unresponsive to paracetamol or ibuprofen.
- Coughing up blood.
- Drowsiness or confusion.
- Fits (convulsions).
Pregnant women or those with weakened immune systems should urgently consult with a healthcare professional if they have been in contact with someone diagnosed with measles.
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